-m, middle voice
-m, middle form, valency increasing stative, monovalent to bivalent, transitivity decreasing transitive and ditransitive to intransitive, bivalent.
MIDDLES are forms referring to activities and states in which the subject is agent. A patient or goal may also be suggested although it is not formally provided for. ~Thompson (1992:102)
- -m, middle, antipassive.
- -em, dynamic middle.
- -im, process oriented middle.
- -um, potential middle.
- -am, grandiose middle.
- k̓ʷul̕, work, do.
- k̓ʷul̕m, S/he made something, s/he did something.
- šy̓it, first, ahead, at the lead, in front.
- šy̓itm, S/he became first, in front, ahead.
In weak roots an epenthetic vowel is infixed between the stem/root word and the suffix.
- p̓in, long objects put in a lying position.
- p̓nim, S/he laid the sticks/logs down.
- q̓iy̓, write mark.
- q̓y̓im, S/he wrote/marked something.
- xʷeʕ, lift/raise from a surface; to lift off to fly.
- xʷʕem, S/he lifted something up.
- c̓aq̓, It is struck, s/he is hit with projectile/trajectory object.
- c̓q̓em, The lightning struck something; S/he struck s.t. with a projectile.
- kʷen, take.
- kʷnem, S/he took/brought something.
- ɬek̓ʷ, pierce and hold.
- čɬk̓ʷum, S/he picked something up with an instrument the pierces and holds, needle, fork, etc.
- pitkʷ, transfix, pierce and hold in place, nail, tack, etc.
- ptkʷum, S/he transfixed somthing.
- t̕uk̓ʷ, put something down, place something.
- tk̓ʷum, S/he put something down.
- p̓at̕, It is a viscous mass
- p̓t̕am, S/he splattered something.
- p̓ac̓, It is pressed, squeezed.
- p̓c̓am, S/he has diarrhea; The skunk sprayed someone.
- p̓aʕ, to burn grass/timber/hair.
- p̓ʕam, S/he burned the grass/timber/hair.