-m, middle voice

-m, middle form, valency increasing stative, monovalent to bivalent, transitivity decreasing transitive and ditransitive to intransitive, bivalent.

MIDDLES are forms referring to activities and states in which the subject is agent. A patient or goal may also be suggested although it is not formally provided for. ~Thompson (1992:102)

• -m, middle, antipassive.
• -em, dynamic middle.
• -im, process oriented middle.
• -um, potential middle.
• -am, grandiose middle.

• k̓ʷul̕, work, do.
  • k̓ʷul̕m, S/he made something, s/he did something.
• šy̓it, first, ahead, at the lead, in front.
  • šy̓itm, S/he became first, in front, ahead.

In weak roots an epenthetic vowel is infixed between the stem/root word and the suffix.

• p̓in, long objects put in a lying position.
  • p̓nim, S/he laid the sticks/logs down.
• q̓iy̓, write mark.
  • q̓y̓im, S/he wrote/marked something.

• xʷeʕ, lift/raise from a surface; to lift off to fly.
  • xʷʕem, S/he lifted something up.
• c̓aq̓, It is struck, s/he is hit with projectile/trajectory object.
  • c̓q̓em, The lightning struck something; S/he struck s.t. with a projectile.
• kʷen, take.
  • kʷnem, S/he took/brought something.

• ɬek̓ʷ, pierce and hold.
  • čɬk̓ʷum, S/he picked something up with an instrument the pierces and holds, needle, fork, etc.
• pitkʷ, transfix, pierce and hold in place, nail, tack, etc.
  • ptkʷum, S/he transfixed somthing.
• t̕uk̓ʷ, put something down, place something.
  • tk̓ʷum, S/he put something down.

• p̓at̕, It is a viscous mass
  • p̓t̕am, S/he splattered something.
• p̓ac̓, It is pressed, squeezed.
  • p̓c̓am, S/he has diarrhea; The skunk sprayed someone.
• p̓aʕ, to burn grass/timber/hair.
  • p̓ʕam, S/he burned the grass/timber/hair.