-m, antipassive, middle, do to something
Lexemic suffix -m generalizes an act to a set of implied objects, creating a bivalent stem by increasing valency (shifting from monovalent or ambivalent to bivalent) or decreasing transitivity (from transitive to intransitive), where the agent is definite and the patient is indefinite. The suffix -m is also called anti-passive, as it repositions focus onto the agent by making the patient indefinite or non-specific, thus emphasizing the action or the actor rather than the object of the action.
- c̓ek̓ʷm, S/he/it made (s.t.) shine light, turned it on. (c̓ek̓ʷ, -m)
- c̓ek̓ʷ, being the light shine.
- qʷelm, song, it expresses (some) audible sound. (qʷel, -m)
- qʷel, To be an expression of audible sound.
- ʕiɬnm, eat something. (ʕiɬ, -n, -m)
- ʕilɬn, to eat.
- ʕac̓x̌m, looked at something. (ʕac̓, -x̌, -m)
- ʕac̓x̌, look, focused on.
- -mim, implies a causative or resultant relationship between actions. It indicates that the act of the verb upon an implied object leads to or results in another act or the continuation of the act on the same implied object or another. Functionally, it reflects development or progression, describing actions where one act causes or facilitates another, often involving implied or unspecified participants. It conveys the sense of “did to/made something/someone to do something to something/someone.”
- -mn, instrument. (-m, -n)
- -mixʷ, being. (-m, -ixʷ)
- -utm, possible. (-ut, -m)
- -muɬ, habitual. (-m, -uɬ)
- -am, denotes a special or significant action directed toward or at an implied object, emphasizing the importance or distinctiveness of the act. The vowel ‘a’ renders the stem stative, marking it as a condition or state rather than a dynamic process, and significant, elevating its meaning within the context of the act.
- pt̕am, platter/spill/pour a viscous substance. (pt̕, -am)
- q̓ʷʕam, slide.s.t. (q̓ʷʕ, -am)
- t̕mam, kiss, suck something. (t̕m, -am)
- ympam, make solidify/frozen. (ym, -p, -am)
- -em, to be the act of doing to something, dynamic antipassive. It denotes a dynamic and active engagement with an implied object, focusing on the act itself rather than the object or its outcome. It creates a dynamic anti-passive construction, emphasizing the agent’s participation in the action while reducing the prominence of the object.
- -emn, inclined to do, being that which does to something. (-em, -n)
- -emxʷ, breast. (-em, -xʷ)
- cq̓em, hit something with a projectile object, as hit by lightening. (c̓q̓, -em)
- c̓ʕʷqem, pulled (s.t.) out, drew it out. (c̓ʕʷ, -q, -em)
- čtqem, chase. (čt, -q, -em)
- ƛ̓ʕem, search for (s.t.). (ƛ̓ʕ, -em)
- smʕem, woman, female. (s-, mʕ, -em)
- -im, indicates and focuses on the result of a process or development of the act of the verb upon an implied object. The resultive aspect generally signifies that an action has been completed and the result or outcome of that action is in focus.
- q̓y̓im, take essence, to take/hold the outer form. (q̓y̓, -im)
- ʕx̌tčim, busy at (s.t.). (ʕx̌, -t, -č, -im)
- x̌ʷtim, cut (s.t.) off. (x̌ʷt, -im)
- wlwlim, ululim, money, results in being made shimmery. (dis.rdp-, wl, -im)
- -um, transforms the root into an act directed at an implied patient that inherently has the capacity to be acted on or placed into the state described by the root. It modifies the root by emphasizing the implied patient’s capacity to receive or undergo the act described. The action performed by the subject is framed in terms of the object’s inherent suitability to be placed into the condition or state specified by the root. The ‘u’ vowel in -um highlights this capacity, making the focus less about the subject and more about the implied object’s potential for the action.
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